{"id":380,"date":"2018-04-06T08:54:15","date_gmt":"2018-04-06T08:54:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hieuchuandoluong.vn\/?p=199"},"modified":"2018-06-23T08:21:10","modified_gmt":"2018-06-23T08:21:10","slug":"hieu-chuan-la-gi-kiem-dinh-la-gi-phan-biet-giua-hieu-chuan-va-kiem-dinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/?p=380","title":{"rendered":"HI\u1ec6U CHU\u1ea8N L\u00c0 G\u00cc? KI\u1ec2M \u0110\u1ecaNH L\u00c0 G\u00cc? PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T GI\u1eeeA HI\u1ec6U CHU\u1ea8N V\u00c0 KI\u1ec2M \u0110\u1ecaNH"},"content":{"rendered":"

PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T GI\u1eeeA HI\u1ec6U CHU\u1ea8N V\u00c0 KI\u1ec2M \u0110\u1ecaNH<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>:\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o. Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa hay kh\u00f4ng. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ed1ng nhau: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ed1ng nhau<\/u><\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong khi hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.
\n2. T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb?<\/strong> M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng minh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.
\n3. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb?<\/a><\/strong>\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0: Quatest 1, Quatest 3, Hi-Tech Calibration<\/strong>, \u00a0Vi\u1ec7n KHCN X\u00e2y D\u1ef1ng, VMI (Vi\u1ec7n \u0110o L\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam), Trung T\u00e2m 2 (Thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f2ng)…
\n4. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb?<\/strong> T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\/ thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khi hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ISO\/IEC 17025: 2005.
\n5. C\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> C\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, c\u01a1 quan, c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n.
\n6. T\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0: ILAC-MRA, ISO International (USA-NQA), NIST Traceable, TUV (\u0110\u1ee9c), A2LA (M\u1ef9),ACLASS (M\u1ef9), APLAC<\/strong> (Ch\u00e2u \u00c1), STAMEQ & VILAS (Vi\u1ec7t Nam), AOV<\/strong> (Vi\u1ec7t Nam), AOSC<\/strong> (Vi\u1ec7t Nam)
\n7. Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong>
\nCh\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.
\n8. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty?<\/strong>
\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7uchu\u1ea9n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n (calibration) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e2t \u0111\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng chu\u1ea9n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00f9\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb clo l\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o.<\/p>\n
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T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia hay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i so s\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Chu\u1ed7i so s\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n chu\u1ea9n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ta m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00ean \u0111o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft x\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i (so s\u00e1nh) v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n
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Ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh (verifcation) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c do m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan quan l\u00fd Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd) ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1eeda ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 sau khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tu\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 xem ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng (in, d\u00e1n) d\u1ea5u ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng; nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, do c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o n\u1eb1m trong danh m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i qua ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i chung cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
C\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, kinh doanh, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n ch\u00fang, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd, hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\n
Ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbt \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. Th\u01b0\u1eddng sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi sai s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i tti\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e0ng tin c\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n qu\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n sao cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 1:3; 1:4; 1:5. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 1:2 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sai s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do sai s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o th\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 hi\u00eau ch\u00ednh k\u00e8m theo th\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p, h\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
M\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
+ Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ta so s\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd, hi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y nhanh, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i (th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea1ch, th\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9n), c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd dung t\u00edch (\u1ed1ng \u0111ong, b\u00ecnh \u0111ong…) v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch do \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o chu\u1ea9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng \u0111o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u00eat k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t, n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
+ Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4t d\u1ee5ng cu so s\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n
Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n (\u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u00e2n); trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u \u0111o \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 xoay chi\u1ec1u (\u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec7n dung, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m…).<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a dung c\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a dung cu so s\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n sai s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u00f2n c\u00e2n, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, xoay chi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n
+ Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n
N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c \u0111o m\u1ed9t \u0111ai l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung gian s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eb7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m c\u0103n chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n vonm\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y b\u00f9.<\/p>\n
Khi hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 kim ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u00f4mm\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9p \u0111i\u1ec7n chu\u1ea9n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean h\u1ed9p \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4mm\u00e9t.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c khi c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c, sai s\u00f3t \u1edf t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
Khi hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n tu\u1ef3 theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean. Th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng loai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
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Bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ghi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ef3 \u00fd v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
Th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung sau:<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o nh\u01b0: t\u00ean, s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u, n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng…<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a phtt\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o;<\/p>\n
– T\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ee5;<\/p>\n
– \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n;<\/p>\n
– K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eebng l\u1ea7n \u0111o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n;<\/p>\n
– K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u;<\/p>\n
– \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o.<\/p>\n
– N\u01a1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
M\u1eabu bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
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S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1eeb chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o. Nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o.<\/p>\n
N\u1ed9i dung s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ebd, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
Trong ph\u1ea7n v\u1ebd, t\u00ean chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111o, c\u1ea5p h\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c sai s\u1ed1) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong khung h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. T\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh chu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o) \u0111\u1ec3 trong khung tr\u00f2n ho\u0103c \u00f4van. Quan h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n
Theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea7n v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng, s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 b\u1eadc truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chu\u1ea9n cao nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1eadc chu\u1ea9n ti\u1ebfp theo. Kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo h\u00e0ng ngang to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T GI\u1eeeA HI\u1ec6U CHU\u1ea8N V\u00c0 KI\u1ec2M \u0110\u1ecaNH Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n\u00a0:\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o. Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa hay kh\u00f4ng. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/380"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=380"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/380\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":467,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/380\/revisions\/467"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hitechcal.com\/vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}